Allaben, Frank. John Watts DePeyster. 2 vols. New York: Allaben Genealogical, 1908.
Bean, Theodore H. "Dedication of the Monument of the 17th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry." In John P. Nicholson, ed. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg: Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Monuments Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to Mark the Positions of the Pennsylvania Commands Engaged in the Battle. 2 vols. Harrisburg: Stanley Ray, 1904. 2: 858.
The Biographical Encyclopedia of Illinois of the Nineteenth Century. Philadephia: Galaxy, 1875.
Brown, J. Willard. The Signal Corps, U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion. Boston: U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association, 1896.
Buford, Marcus Bainbridge. History and Genealogy of the Buford Family in America. LaBelle, Missouri: privately published, 1903.
Busey, John W. and David G. Martin. Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg. Hightstown, New Jersey: Longstreet, 1994.
Cameron, Bill. "The Signal Corps at Gettysburg." Gettysburg Magazine 3 (July 1990): 9-15.
------. "The Signal Corps at Gettysburg Part II: Support of Meade's Pursuit." Gettysburg Magazine 4 (January 1991): 101-112.
The Catalogue of the Corporation, Officers, and Students of Knox Manual Labor College. Peoria, Illinois: Butler, 1843.
Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command. New York: Scribner, 1968. Reprint. New York, Scribner, 1984.
Davenport, George. The Past and Present of Rock Island County, Illinois. Chicago: Kett, 1877.
DePeyster, John Watts. The Decisive Conflicts of the Late Civil War, or Slaveholders' Rebellion, Battles Morally, Territorially, and Militarily Decisive. New York: McDonald, 1867. Reprinted as Gettysburg and After. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Olde Soldier, 1987.
------. Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny, Major General United States Volunteers. New York: Rice & Gage, 1867.
Hard, Abner N. History of the Eighth Cavalry Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, During the Great Rebellion. Aurora, Illinois: n.p., 1868. Reprint. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1984.
Heitman, Francis E. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army. 2 vols. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903.
Jacobs, H. E. "Gettysburg Fifty Years Ago: Part III." The Lutheran. July 24, 1913.
Johnson, Allen and Dumas Malone, eds. Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Scribner, 1930.
Lyman, Theodore. Meade's Headquarters, 1863-1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Edited by George R. Agassiz. Boston: Atlantic Monthly, 1922. Reprint. Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer, 1987.
National Cylcopedia of American Biography. Vol. 2. New York: White, 1921.
Pope, John. "The Second Battle of Bull Run." In Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: Century, 1884-1888. 2:491.
Rosengarten, Joseph G. "General Reynolds' Last Battle." In The Annals of the War: Written by Leading Particpants, North and South, Originally Published in the Philadelphia Weekly Times. Philadelphia: Times, 1879. Reprint. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1986.
Sauers, Richard A. "Gettysburg Controversies." Gettysburg Magazine 4 (January 1991): 113-20.
Shreve, William. The Story of the Third Army Corps Union. Boston: privately published, 1910.
Skelly, Daniel A. A Boy's Experiences in the Battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: privately published, 1932.
United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 70 vols., 128 parts. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1890-1901.
Wainwright, Charles S. A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Edited by Allan Nevins. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962.
Weld, Stephen Minot. War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld, 1861-1865. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Riverside, 1911. Reprint. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1979.
Wittenberg, Eric J. "John Buford in the Gettysburg Campaign." Gettysburg Magazine 11 (July 1994): 19-55.
Jerome, A. B. Letter to W.S. Hancock, October 18, 1865. Bachelder Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society. Concord, New Hampshire.
Keogh, Myles W. "Etat de Service of Major Gen. John Buford from His Promotion to Brig. Gen'l. to his Death." Manuscripts Collection, United States Military Academy. West Point, New York.
Mansfield, Edward D. Letter to Col. Joseph Totten, January 17, 1842. Cadet Association Papers, 1805-1866, National Archives, United States Military Academy. West Point, New York.
Register of Merit, 1836-1853. United States Military Academy Archives. West Point, New York.
Veil, Charles H. Letter to David McConaughy, April 7, 1864. Copy in Gettysburg National Military Park. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Army-Navy Journal.
1. John Watts DePeyster, The Decisive Conflicts of the Late Civil War, or
Slaveholders' Rebellion, Battles Morally, Territorially, and Militarily Decisive (New York:
McDonald and Company, 1867; reprinted as Gettysburg and After, Gaithersburg,
Maryland: Olde Soldier Books, 1987).
2. Francis E. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States
Army, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903), 1:578.
3. J. Willard Brown, The Signal Corps, U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion
(Boston: U.S. Veterans Signal Corps Association, 1896), p. 193.
4. A. B. Jerome to W. S. Hancock, October 18, 1865, Bachelder Papers,
New Hampshire Historical Society. Also located in David L. Ladd and Audrey J. Ladd,
eds., The Bachelder Papers: Gettysburg in Their Own Words, 3 vols. (Dayton, Ohio:
Morningside, 1994-95), 1:200-202.
. Ibid.
6. United States War Department, War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. in 128 parts (Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), series 1, vol. 27, pt. 3, p. 488. (Hereafter
cited as OR. All subsequent references are to series 1.)
7. Ibid., pt. 1, p. 201.
8. Ibid., p. 930.
9. Brown, The Signal Corps, p. 196.
10. Abner N. Hard, History of the Eighth Cavalry Regiment, Illinois
Volunteers, During the Great Rebellion (Aurora, Illinois: n.p., 1868; reprint, Dayton,
Ohio: Morningside, 1984), p. 284.
11. Brown, The Signal Corps, p. 196.
12. This error appeared in both the Jerome and "Anchor" manuscripts. What
both authors referred to as Oak Hill was actually McPherson's Ridge. In modern parlance,
the area that we know today as Oak Hill is the northern end of McPherson's Ridge. The
rest of this area is known as McPherson's Ridge, not Oak Ridge. Therefore, any references
to Oak Ridge are actually to McPherson's Ridge. DePeyster, The Decisive Conflicts of the
Late Civil War, pp. 151-54.
13. One of Buford's three brigades was absent. The Reserve Brigade of the
Cavalry Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, was detached from Buford's
command on June 29, and sent to guard the divisions wagon trains. OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, p.
926. Colonel Gamble's First Brigade consisted of the 8th Illinois, 8th New York, four
companies of the 12th Illinois, and six companies of the 3rd Indiana, numbering
approximately 1,900 troopers. John W. Busey and David G. Martin, Regimental Strengths
and Losses at Gettysburg (Hightstown, New Jersey: Longstreet House, 1994), p. 101.
Colonel Devin's Second Brigade, made up of the 6th New York, 9th New York, 17th
Pennsylvania, and two companies of the 3rd West Virginia, numbered approximately
1,234 troopers. Busey and Martin, Strengths and Losses, p. 102. Devin's command
encamped along a front almost three miles long. Only two regiments, the 6th New York
and 9th New York, camped in the area of the Mummasburg Road.
14. Signal officers performed two primary functions: communications and
intelligence gathering. Jerome had been trained to compute troop strength from observing
signs such as campfires and the billowing of clouds of dust.
15. Jerome was mistaken here. There were no elements of cavalry with Hill's
corps. The only Confederate cavalry in the area would have approached from the north, as
part of the advance of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's corps.
16. Jerome understated the strength of Buford's command by almost 1,000
men. See notes 13 and 14. There was only one battery with Buford, Lt. John H. Calef's
Company A, 2nd U.S. Artillery, using two sections of 3-inch ordnance rifles, for a total of
four guns.
17. Buford would have used Jerome's "glass" or signal telescope because it was
considerably more powerful than Buford's field glasses.
18. There is some reason to question why Jerome would have left his post in
the Seminary cupola to ride with Buford and Reynolds to the front line on McPherson's
Ridge. His function of observation could be best accomplished from the cupola. However,
since he was also performing messenger duty for Buford, it is reasonable that he might
have accompanied them to the front. For more on the role of the Signal Corps in the
Gettysburg Campaign, see Bill Cameron, "The Signal Corps in the Gettysburg Campaign,"
parts 1 and 2, Gettysburg Magazine, nos. 3 and 4, (July 1990 and January 1991).
19. Again, Jerome was mistaken here. The force involved in this phase of the
fighting was Maj. Gen. Henry Heth's division of Hill's corps. Ewell's troops were not yet
engaged in the fighting at this time.
20. Jerome later sent an aerial message to Howard's signal officer informing
Howard of Ewell's advance on the Union right. OR, vol. 27, pt. 3, p. 488.
21. See Jerome to Hancock, October 18, 1865. This letter is quoted later in
this article. Hancock wrote in his official report, "The cavalry of General Buford was
occupying a firm position on the plain to the left of Gettysburg, covering the rear of the
retreating corps." Later in his report, with regard to forming a line of defense along
Cemetery Hill, Hancock also stated, "In forming the lines, I received material assistance
from Brigadier-General . . . Buford. . . ." OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 368.
22. Marcus Bainbridge Buford, History and Genealogy of the Buford Family in
America (LaBelle, Missouri: privately published, 1903), p. 307. Buford's older half-
brother, Napoleon Bonaparte Buford, also achieved the rank of brigadier general in the
Union army in the Civil War. An 1827 graduate of West Point, Napoleon Buford
commanded a brigade of infantry under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant during the early stages
of the Vicksburg Campaign.
23. George Davenport, The Past and Present of Rock Island County, Illinois
(Chicago: J.F. Kett and Co., 1877), p. 176. The elder Buford served several terms in the
Illinois legislature and was also prominent in the local political scene in Rock Island.
24. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Illinois of the Nineteenth Century
(Philadelphia: Galaxy Publishing Company, 1875), p. 221.
25. John Gibbon, "The John Buford Memoir," unpublished manuscript from
the collection of the author. In fact, Buford's grandfather, Simeon Buford, and his great-
uncle, Abraham Buford, were among the founders of the horse racing industry in
Kentucky.
26. Edward D. Mansfield to Col. Joseph Totten, January 17, 1842, Cadet
Application Papers, 1805-1866, The National Archives, United States Military Academy,
West Point, New York.
27. The Catalogue of the Corporation, Officers, and Students of Knox Manual
Labor College (Peoria, Illinois: William H. Butler Printers, 1843).
28. Register of Merit, 1836-1853, No. 2, United States Military Academy
Archives, West Point, New York.
29. "The John Buford Memoir."
30. The Army records for July 1857 refer to "the case of Major [Lewis A.]
Armistead and Lieutenant Buford." Harney requested Buford's service during the Utah
Expedition, and when Armistead did not respond quickly enough in dispatching Buford to
Harney, Harney preferred charges against Armistead, who was acquitted after a court-
martial. Buford testified at the court-martial.
31. "The John Buford Memoir."
32. Maj. Gen. John Pope, "The Second Battle of Bull Run," in Robert U.
Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (New
York: The Century Company, 1884-1888), 2:491. Buford's brigade at this time consisted
of the 1st Vermont, 1st [West] Virginia, 5th New York, and 1st Michigan. Later, the 18th
Pennsylvania was substituted for the 1st Michigan. This brigade was commanded by Brig.
Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth during the Gettysburg Campaign.
33. Myles W. Keogh, "Etat de Service of Major Gen. John Buford from his
promotion to Brig. Gen'l. to his death," United States Military Academy, manuscripts
collection.
34. "The John Buford Memoir."
35. See Buford's service records, National Archives, Washington, D.C. For
more detail on Buford's specific role in the Gettysburg Campaign, see Eric J. Wittenberg,
"John Buford in the Gettysburg Campaign," Gettysburg Magazine, no. 11, (July 1994):
19-55.
36. Lt. Col. Theodore H. Bean, "Dedication of the Monument of the 17th
Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry," in Pennsylvania Gettysburg Battlefield Commission,
Pennsylvania at Gettysburg: Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Monuments Erected by
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to Mark the Positions of the Pennsylvania Commands
Engaged in the Battle, ed. John P. Nicholson, 2 vols. (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: William
Stanley Ray Printers, 1904), 2:858.
37. Charles S. Wainwright, A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Col.
Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Harcourt, Brace and
World, 1962), p. 258.
38. Theodore Lyman, Meade's Headquarters, 1863-1865: Letters of Colonel
Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, ed. George R. Agassiz (Boston:
Atlantic Monthly Press, 1922; reprint, Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer Company Publishers,
1987), p. 21.
39. "The John Buford Memoir"; Buford, Genealogy of the Buford Family, p.
313.
40. "The John Buford Memoir."
41. Hard, Eighth Illinois Cavalry, p. 264.
42. Ibid., pp. 271-72.
43. The "Anchor" articles ran in The Army-Navy Journal in 1867. They were
edited and revised for publication by DePeyster, and appeared in his book, The Decisive
Conflicts of the Late Civil War.
44. Frank Allaben, John Watts DePeyster, 2 vols. (New York: Frank Allaben
Genealogical Company, 1908), 2:173. In his biography, Allaben states that DePeyster was,
in fact, "Anchor."
45. "John Watts DePeyster," Circular No. 10, Military Order of the Loyal
Legion of the United States, New York Commandery, Circulars 1907-1909, April 15,
1908, p. 2, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
46. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), 3:247-48; The National Cyclopaedia of
American Biography, Vol. 2 (New York: James T. White and Company, 1921), p. 44.
47. William Shreve, The Story of the Third Army Corps Union (Boston:
privately published, 1910).
48. John Watts DePeyster, Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny,
Major General United States Volunteers (New York: Rice and Gage, 1867).
49. Buford's division crossed the Potomac at Edwards' Ferry, not far from
Frederick, Maryland. OR, vol. 27, pt. 1, p. 913.
50. Buford was under orders not to bring on a general engagement, and in
obedience to those orders, withdrew after a brief skirmish that led to one casualty.
51. Only one brigade, General Pettigrew's brigade of Heth's division, was
involved in the advance on Gettysburg and the ensuing repulse.
53. The farthest picket post of Gamble's brigade was located at the intersection
of the Knoxlyn Ridge and the Chambersburg Pike, approximately four miles from the
town square, at the location of the present day First Shot Marker on Knoxlyn Ridge.
54. The referenced quote does not appear in the Official Records. This quote
may have appeared in private correspondence between "Anchor" and Pleasonton.
55. Heitman, Historical Register of the U.S. Army, 1:573. Jerome was
brevetted to first lieutenant on June 18, 1867, for gallant and meritorious service
throughout the Civil War, and to captain on the same date for his gallant and meritorious
service in the Signal Corps. He was honorably discharged at his own request on December
1, 1870, and died April 17, 1881. He reputedly had a rather serious drinking problem after
the Civil War.
56. Jerome to Hancock, October 18, 1865.
57. Daniel A. Skelly, A Boy's Experiences in the Battle of Gettysburg
(Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: privately published, 1932), p. 11.
58. Charles H. Veil to David McConaughy, April 7, 1864, copy in the files at
Gettysburg National Military Park.
59. Edwin B. Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968; reprint, Scribner's, 1984), p. 682.
60. Richard A. Sauers, "Gettysburg Controversies," Gettysburg Magazine, no.
4 (January 1991), p. 113.
61. H. E. Jacobs, "Gettysburg Fifty Years Ago: Part III," The Lutheran, July
24, 1913. The author is aware of the possible existence of an account by one of Buford's
staff who allegedly witnessed Buford and Reynolds meeting as Jacobs described. This
account is reputedly in a letter by one of Buford's staff officers, but the author understands
that this letter is in private hands, and he has never seen it. Therefore, it cannot be
considered to be a reliable substantiation of Jacobs' account.
62. Heitman, Historical Register of the U.S. Army, 1:1016.
63. Stephen Minot Weld, War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld,
1861-1865 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Riverside Press, 1911; reprint, Boston:
Massachusetts Historical Society, 1979), pp. 229-31. The field battery referred to by Weld
must have been Calef's guns. Weld is mistaken in his account, as the Confederate batteries
could not have been so close to Seminary Ridge during this phase of the battle.
64. Joseph G. Rosengarten, "General Reynolds' Last Battle," in The Annals of
the War, Written by Leading Participants, North and South, Originally Published in the
Philadelphia Weekly Times (Philadelphia: Times Publishing Company, 1879; reprint,
Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1986), p. 63.